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Apologies to length as received as an email.....perhaps a tad paranoiac....yet some truth?

"If the bee disappeared off the surface of the globe then man would only have
four years of life left. No more bees, no more pollination, no more plants, no
more animals, no more man."

-- Albert Einstein


COLLAPSING COLONIES

Are GM Crops Killing Bees?

By Gunther Latsch
der Spiegel

A mysterious decimation of bee populations has German beekeepers worried,
while a similar phenomenon in the United States is gradually assuming
catastrophic proportions. The consequences for agriculture and the economy
could be enormous.

Walter Haefeker is a man who is used to painting grim scenarios. He sits on
the board of directors of the German Beekeepers Association (DBIB) and is vice
president of the European Professional Beekeepers Association. And because
griping is part of a lobbyist's trade, it is practically his professional duty
to warn that "the very existence of beekeeping is at stake."

The problem, says Haefeker, has a number of causes, one being the varroa mite,
introduced from Asia, and another is the widespread practice in agriculture of
spraying wildflowers with herbicides and practicing monoculture. Another
possible cause, according to Haefeker, is the controversial and growing use of
genetic engineering in agriculture.

As far back as 2005, Haefeker ended an article he contributed to the journal
Der Kritischer Agrarbericht (Critical Agricultural Report) with an Albert
Einstein quote: "If the bee disappeared off the surface of the globe then man
would only have four years of life left. No more bees, no more pollination, no
more plants, no more animals, no more man."

Mysterious events in recent months have suddenly made Einstein's apocalyptic
vision seem all the more topical. For unknown reasons, bee populations
throughout Germany are disappearing -- something that is so far only harming
beekeepers. But the situation is different in the United States, where bees
are dying in such dramatic numbers that the economic consequences could soon
be dire. No one knows what is causing the bees to perish, but some experts
believe that the large-scale use of genetically modified plants in the US
could be a factor.

Felix Kriechbaum, an official with a regional beekeepers' association in
Bavaria, recently reported a decline of almost 12 percent in local bee
populations. When "bee populations disappear without a trace," says
Kriechbaum, it is difficult to investigate the causes, because "most bees
don't die in the beehive." There are many diseases that can cause bees to lose
their sense of orientation so they can no longer find their way back to their
hives.

Manfred Hederer, the president of the German Beekeepers Association, almost
simultaneously reported a 25 percent drop in bee populations throughout
Germany. In isolated cases, says Hederer, declines of up to 80 percent have
been reported. He speculates that "a particular toxin, some agent with which
we are not familiar," is killing the bees.

Politicians, until now, have shown little concern for such warnings or the
woes of beekeepers. Although apiarists have been given a chance to make their
case -- for example in the run-up to the German cabinet's approval of a
genetic engineering policy document by Minister of Agriculture Horst Seehofer
in February -- their complaints are still largely ignored.

Even when beekeepers actually go to court, as they recently did in a joint
effort with the German chapter of the organic farming organization Demeter
International and other groups to oppose the use of genetically modified corn
plants, they can only dream of the sort of media attention environmental
organizations like Greenpeace attract with their protests at test sites.

But that could soon change. Since last November, the US has seen a decline in
bee populations so dramatic that it eclipses all previous incidences of mass
mortality. Beekeepers on the east coast of the United States complain that
they have lost more than 70 percent of their stock since late last year, while
the west coast has seen a decline of up to 60 percent.

In an article in its business section in late February, the New York Times
calculated the damage US agriculture would suffer if bees died out. Experts at
Cornell University in upstate New York have estimated the value bees generate
-- by pollinating fruit and vegetable plants, almond trees and animal feed
like clover -- at more than $14 billion.

Scientists call the mysterious phenomenon "Colony Collapse Disorder" (CCD),
and it is fast turning into a national catastrophe of sorts. A number of
universities and government agencies have formed a "CCD Working Group" to
search for the causes of the calamity, but have so far come up empty-handed.
But, like Dennis vanEngelsdorp, an apiarist with the Pennsylvania Department
of Agriculture, they are already referring to the problem as a potential "AIDS
for the bee industry."

One thing is certain: Millions of bees have simply vanished. In most cases,
all that's left in the hives are the doomed offspring. But dead bees are
nowhere to be found -- neither in nor anywhere close to the hives. Diana
Cox-Foster, a member of the CCD Working Group, told The Independent that
researchers were "extremely alarmed," adding that the crisis "has the
potential to devastate the US beekeeping industry."

It is particularly worrisome, she said, that the bees' death is accompanied by
a set of symptoms "which does not seem to match anything in the literature."

In many cases, scientists have found evidence of almost all known bee viruses
in the few surviving bees found in the hives after most have disappeared. Some
had five or six infections at the same time and were infested with fungi -- a
sign, experts say, that the insects' immune system may have collapsed.

The scientists are also surprised that bees and other insects usually leave
the abandoned hives untouched. Nearby bee populations or parasites would
normally raid the honey and pollen stores of colonies that have died for other
reasons, such as excessive winter cold. "This suggests that there is something
toxic in the colony itself which is repelling them," says Cox-Foster.

Walter Haefeker, the German beekeeping official, speculates that "besides a
number of other factors," the fact that genetically modified, insect-resistant
plants are now used in 40 percent of cornfields in the United States could be
playing a role. The figure is much lower in Germany -- only 0.06 percent --
and most of that occurs in the eastern states of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
and Brandenburg. Haefeker recently sent a researcher at the CCD Working Group
some data from a bee study that he has long felt shows a possible connection
between genetic engineering and diseases in bees.

The study in question is a small research project conducted at the University
of Jena from 2001 to 2004. The researchers examined the effects of pollen from
a genetically modified maize variant called "Bt corn" on bees. A gene from a
soil bacterium had been inserted into the corn that enabled the plant to
produce an agent that is toxic to insect pests. The study concluded that there
was no evidence of a "toxic effect of Bt corn on healthy honeybee
populations." But when, by sheer chance, the bees used in the experiments were
infested with a parasite, something eerie happened. According to the Jena
study, a "significantly stronger decline in the number of bees" occurred among
the insects that had been fed a highly concentrated Bt poison feed.

According to Hans-Hinrich Kaatz, a professor at the University of Halle in
eastern Germany and the director of the study, the bacterial toxin in the
genetically modified corn may have "altered the surface of the bee's
intestines, sufficiently weakening the bees to allow the parasites to gain
entry -- or perhaps it was the other way around. We don't know."

Of course, the concentration of the toxin was ten times higher in the
experiments than in normal Bt corn pollen. In addition, the bee feed was
administered over a relatively lengthy six-week period.

Kaatz would have preferred to continue studying the phenomenon but lacked the
necessary funding. "Those who have the money are not interested in this sort
of research," says the professor, "and those who are interested don't have the
money."

Translated from the German by Christopher Sultan